CHAPTER 2 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY 2.1INTRODUCTION Topographicsurveyingistheprocessofdeterminingthepositions,bothontheplanand elevation,ofthenaturalandartificialfeaturesofalocalityforthepurposeofdelineating thembymeansofconventionalsignsuponatopographic map. Topographydefinesthe shape or configuration of the earth’s surface. The basic purpose of a topographic map is to indicate the three-dimensional relationships for the terrain of any given area of land. Thus, on a …
9.1 Valves Valves are appurtenances used in the pipeline to: 1.Control the flow of water 2.Regulate the pressure 3.Adjust or release air into the pipe 4.check the reverse flow of water 5. Discharge the water out from sediment 9.1.1Sluice Valves: …
Gravity Conduits and pressure conduits: Gravity conduits are those conduits in which water flows under the action of gravity where water surface will be at atmospheric pressure. Pressure conduits are those conduits where water flows under pressure above atmospheric pressure. …
7.1Systems of Supply: 7.1.1 Continuous System: The system of supply in which water is transmitted to the consumers 24 hours a day is called continuous system. Advantages: •No use of reservoir or other public tanks •Favorable for firefighting purposes •Less …
5.1 Definition of intakes A structure placed in a water source to permit the withdrawal of water from the source and discharge it into an intake conduit through which it flows to the treatment plant is called intake. Intake consist …
4.1 Impurities in water, their classification and effects: Pure water contains only two parts of Hydrogen and one part of oxygen by volume which is never found in nature. Water found in nature contains a number of impurities. 4.1.1 Classification …
The design of water supply system for any community requires the determination of the quantity of water required for various purposes. The sources that fulfills the demand of the water are examined. Multiple sources are determined if the water from …
2.1 Classification of Sources of Water Sources of water may be classified as Surface Sources and Ground Sources which are further described below. 2.2 Surface Sources: Sources of water that are available at the ground surface is called surface source. …
1.1 Importance of Water: Water is an essence of life. Human, animals, and plants require water for their survival. Seventyone percent of the surface of the earth is covered by water. Five percent of water loss in the body causes …
Dark Side Of InternetThe amount of internet we can browse with Chrome/Firefox with simple browsers is not the total internet. Actually, it’s only 4% of the Total internet. So, the rest 96% includes Dark web and Deep web. Deep web …