survey camp theory CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SAGARMATHA ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE

SurveyCamp ReportNo. 072/BCE/G5

A REPORTON SURVEY CAMP2074

BY:

Group No. 5

AKASH OKHEDA 072/BCE/04

SHEKHAR NATH CHAPAGAIN 072/BCE/41

SUMMON BALAMI 072/BCE/44

SUPREME PANDAY 072/BCE/45

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

MARCH 05, 2018

LALITPUR, NEPAL

A REPORT ON SURVEY CAMP-2074

Group-5

1.AKASH OKHADA 072/BCE/04

2.SHEKHAR NATH CHAPAGAIN 072/BCE/41

3.SUMMON BALAMI 072/BCE/44

4.SUPREME PANDAY 072/BCE/45

A survey camp report in partial fulfillment of the requirementfor the bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering

Survey Camp Instruction Committee:
Associate Professor, Er. Arun Prasad Parajuli	Coordinator/Resource Person
Graded Lecturer, Er Bhuwan Ghimire	Sub-coordinator/Resource Person
Lecturer Er. Dhiraj Roka	Resource Person
Assistant Lecturer Er. Prashant Bagale	Resource Person
Lecturer Er. Anup Shrestha	Resource Person
Lecturer Er. Mahesh Duwadi	Resource Person

Sagarmatha Engineering College

(Tribhuvan University Affiliate)

Department of Civil Engineering

March,2018

Lalitpur, Nepal

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this report entitled “A Report on Survey Camp 2074” submitted by group number 5 (Mr. Akash Okheda, Mr. Shekhar Nath Chapagain, Mr. Summon Balami, Mr.SupremePanday)isgenuinesurveycamp workcarriedoutinthe“SurveyCamp2074” by themselves under the survey camp instruction committee supervision and guidance and fulfilling the nature and standard requirement in the partial fulfillment of the Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering.

Associate Professor, Er. Arun Prasad Parajuli

External Examiner

Coordinator, Survey Camp Instruction Committee

Departmentof Civilengineering

Sagarmatha Engineering College

Sanepa, Lalitpur

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who provided us the possibilitytocompletethisreport.Wewouldliketoshowourgreatestappreciationtothe Survey Instruction Team Coordinator/Resource Person (Associate Professor, Er. Arun Prasad Parajuli), Sub-coordinator/Resource Person (Graded Lecturer, Er Bhuwan Ghimire),and Resource Person(Lecturer Er. Dhiraj Roka, Assistant Lecturer Er. Prashant Bagale, Lecturer Er. Anup Shrestha, Lecturer Er. Mahesh Duwadi) for the constant supportandexcellent guidance in the field and aswellinthe preparationof this report without which wewould not have been able tocomplete this surveycamp work.

We are very thankful to Sagarmatha Engineering College Administration for organizing Survey Camp.

We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation to other staff membersfrom ourcollege, “ITC of Nepal Scouts” Staff membersetc.

At last, we would like to express our special thanks to all those who helped us directly andindirectly forthe completion of surveyworkandpreparationof the finalreport.

Survey Camp 2074

Group 5

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ABSTRACT

This report is the outcome of survey camp 2074 organized by the department of civil Engineering, Sagarmatha Engineering College for the students of 072-BCE Batch as per Syllabus of Bachelor in Civil Engineering. The surveying practice were analyzed on the camp,thatwasheldinNuwakot, atInternationalScouts Training Center(ITC), Kakaniand scheduled for 11 working days, starting from 20th Ashwin and ending on 30th Aswin 2073 B.S. scheduled 6am to 6pm daily.

The Survey Camp provided us an opportunity to gain and update theoretical and practical knowledgeofsurveyinginactualfieldwork.Thisreportconsistsofthemajorpartofsurvey camp working day. The plotting of detailed topographic map of surveyed area, and then those of road alignment in ITCand the bridge site survey at Eastern Kholsi of ITC Kakani. In this regard, we carried out the necessary field works in sub groups to take decision on planning and execution of field works for the preparation of topographic map, road alignmentsurveyandbridgesitesurvey.Thisreportincludesthesummaryofthesurveyand its details, calculation and methodology.

ProjectTitle:	Survey Camp2074
Location:	ITCKakani, Nuwakot

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WORKING SCHEDULE

Project Title:SurveyCamp 2074

Location: International Training Centre of NepalScouts, Kakani, Nuwakot Duration: 20th of Ashwinto 30th of Aswin

Working time: 8:00 am to 6:00 pm

Class: 8:00 pm to 9:00 pm

S.N	Day	Survey Field Work
1	20th Ashwin	Reconnaissance
2	21th Ashwin	Major Traverse Survey
3	22th Ashwin	Major & Minor Traverse Survey
4	23th Ashwin	Major & Minor Traverse Computation
5	24th Ashwin	wo Peg Test, Fly levelling & Rl Transfer of Major &minor Station
6	25th Ashwin	Tacheometry /Detailing /Field Verification
7	26th Ashwin	Detailing
8	27th Ashwin	Road Survey
9	28th Ashwin	Road survey/RLTransfer
10	29th Ashwin	Bridge Survey
11	30th Ashwin	Bridge Survey /RlTransfer

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TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..		III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..		IV
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………		V
WORKINGSCHEDULE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………		VI
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….		IX
LISTOFDRAWINGANDPLOT………………………………………………………………………………………………….		X
TOPOGRAPHICSURVEY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………		X
ROADSITESURVEY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….		X
BRIDGESITESURVEY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..		X
CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………….		1
1.1	INTRODUCTIONTOTHESUBJECT………………………………………………………………………………………	1
1.2	PRINCIPLESOFSURVEYING………………………………………………………………………………………………	2
1.3	OBJECTIVE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..	2
1.4	SCOPEOFWORKFORSURVEYCAMP…………………………………………………………………………………	3
1.5.1TopographicMapPresentation…………………………………………………………………………………….		3
Details……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….		3
ControlPointsEstablishment………………………………………………………………………………………………..		3
1.5.2RoadAlignmentSurvey ……………………………………………………………………………………………….		3
CurveSetting……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..		3
1.5.3BridgeSiteSurvey……………………………………………………………………………………………………….		3
1.5	PROJECTAREA ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….	4
1.6	LOCATIONANDACCESSIBILITY………………………………………………………………………………………….	4
1.7	TOPOGRAPHYANDGEOLOGY…………………………………………………………………………………………..	4
1.8	RELEVANCYOFTHECAMP……………………………………………………………………………………………….	5
1.9	LIMITATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….	5
1.10	PLANNINGANDORGANIZINGSURVEYCAMP…………………………………………………………………	5
Groupdiscussionamongthestudents……………………………………………………………………………………		5
Workscheduling…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………		5
Teacher’sallocationorsupervision……………………………………………………………………………………….		6
1.11	ORGANIZATIONOFREPORT:………………………………………………………………………………………..	6
CHAPTER2 TOPOGRAPHICALSURVEY………………………………………………………………………………………		7
2.1	INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….	7
2.2	OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………	7
2.3	NORMS(TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS)……………………………………………………………………………………….	7
2.4	EQUIPMENT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………	8
2.5	METHODOLOGY …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………	9
2.5.1Reconnaissance………………………………………………………………………………………………………….		9
2.5.2Traversing…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………		10
A.Closedtraverse……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..		10
B.Opentraverse……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….		10
2.5.2.1MajorTraverse………………………………………………………………………………………………………		11
Fixing ofcontrolpoints………………………………………………………………………………………………………		11
TotalStationtraversing……………………………………………………………………………………………………..		11
2.5.2.2Computationof theco-ordinates……………………………………………………………………………..		13
Balancingthetraverse……………………………………………………………………………………………………….		14
2.5.2.3MinorTraverse………………………………………………………………………………………………………		15
2.5.3Leveling……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………		17
Adjustmentoflevel……………………………………………………………………………………………………………		19
2.5.4Detailing………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….		20
2.5.4Contouring……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….		22

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Contourintervaland HorizontalEquivalent………………………………………………………………………….			22
CharacteristicsofContours…………………………………………………………………………………………………			22
MethodsofLocatingContours……………………………………………………………………………………………			23
InterpolationoftheContourlines……………………………………………………………………………………….			23
2.6	COMMENTSANDCONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………		24
CHAPTER3 BRIDGESITESURVEY……………………………………………………………………………………………			25
3.1	INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..		25
3.2	OBJECTIVES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….		25
3.3	BRIEFDESCRIPTIONOFTHEAREA……………………………………………………………………………………………		26
3.4	NORMS(TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS)……………………………………………………………………………………..		26
3.5	EQUIPMENTS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..		26
3.6	METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….		27
3.6.1SiteSelection ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………			27
3.6.2Triangulation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………			28
3.6.3ProfileLevelling(LongitudinalSectioning)…………………………………………………………………….			28
3.6.4CrossSectioning………………………………………………………………………………………………………..			28
3.6.5Levelling…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..			28
3.6.6Detailing………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….			30
3.6.7ComputationandPlotting………………………………………………………………………………………….			30
3.7	COMMENTSANDCONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………		30
CHAPTER4 ROADALIGNMENT………………………………………………………………………………………………			31
4.1	INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..		31
4.2	OBJECTIVES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….		31
4.3	BRIEFDESCRIPTIONOFTHEAREA……………………………………………………………………………………………		31
4.4	NORMS(TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS)……………………………………………………………………………………..		31
4.5	EQUIPMENT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….		32
4.6	METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….		32
4.6.1		Reconnaissance……………………………………………………………………………………………………	33
4.6.2		MeasurementofLengthsandDeflectionAngles………………………………………………………	33
4.6.3		HorizontalAlignment……………………………………………………………………………………………	33
4.6.4		CurveSetting……………………………………………………………………………………………………….	33
4.6.4.1SimpleCircularCurve………………………………………………………………………………………………			34
4.6.4.2TransitionCurve……………………………………………………………………………………………………..			35
4.6.4.3VerticalCurve………………………………………………………………………………………………………..			37
4.6.5Levelling…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..			37
4.6.5.1ProfileLevelling(LongitudinalSectioning)………………………………………………………………….			37
4.6.5.2CrossSectioning……………………………………………………………………………………………………..			38
4.6.6Tachometry………………………………………………………………………………………………………………			38
4.6.7Structures………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..			38
4.7	COMMENTSANDCONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………		39
CHAPTER5 TWOPEGTEST…………………………………………………………………………………………………….			40
5.1	INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..		40
5.2	EQUIPMENTS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..		40
5.3	METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….		40
5.4	COMMENTSANDCONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………		41

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APPENDICES

Appendix A Observation and calculation table for topographic survey

Appendix BObservation andcalculation tablefor Road Site survey

Appendix CObservation andcalculation tablefor Bridge Site survey

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LIST OF DRAWING AND PLOT

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

Major Traverse withMinor Traverse in Scale 1:1000

Minor traverse along with the topographic detailing in the given plot in scale 1:500

ROAD SITE SURVEY

Plan of the horizontalalignment of road

Longitudinal section of the road

Cross section of the roadalignmentwith necessaryfeatures of the road

BRIDGE SITE SURVEY

Longitudinal section of the river

Topographic map of the bridge site

Cross section of the riveratevery 20 m interval and 10mfrom bridge site

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

The B.E. Survey Camp 2074, Scout International Training Centre (ITC), Nuwakot, organized by the Survey Instruction Committee, Sagarmatha Engineering College is a part of the four-year Bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering course, third year first semester, carrying a total of 100 marks. The total duration of the survey camp was 10 days, from 20th of Ashwin to 30th Ashwin, 2074.

Thisisadetailedreportoftheworksperformedbygroupno.5duringthecampperiod. It briefly explains the working procedures and technique along with the observations, calculations, and methods of adjustment of error. In addition, it also contains the main problem faced during work and theirsolution, results ofallcalculations.

The work done duringthe camp durationcanbe categorizedinto:

1.Topographicalsurvey

2.Bridge site survey

3.Road alignment survey

1.1INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJECT

Surveying is the art of determining the relative position of the points on, above or beneaththesurfaceoftheearthbymeansofdirectorindirectmeasurementsofdistance, directionandelevation.Italsoincludestheartofestablishingpointsbypre-determinedangularandlinearmeasurements.Theapplicationof surveyingrequiresskillaswellas the knowledge of mathematics, physics, and to some extent, astronomy. It comes first and before all Engineering works such as designing and construction of highways, water-supply systems, irrigation projects, building etc.

Insurveying,allmeasurementsoflengthsarehorizontal,orelsewherearesubsequently reduced to horizontal distances. The object of survey is to prepare plan or map so that it may represent the area on the horizontal plane. A plan or map is the horizontal projection of an area and shows only horizontal distances of the points. Vertical distances between the points are, however, shown by contour lines, hachure or some othermethods.

Forthepurposeofwater-supply,sanitarysystem,irrigationsystem,highwaydesigning;therelativealtitudesarerequired,whichisascertainedbythelevelling.Eventhedetails of the enclosed area the ground nature can be portrayed in the combined form as topographical map. Not only this whole land can be surveyed into different plots and canbe plot into the single map. The main thingisnot to violate the basic survey

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principles viz. workingfrom whole to part, consistency of the work, accuracy required and independent check.

The main objectives of surveying course allocated for civil engineering is to promote the basic knowledge of different surveying techniques relevant to civil engineering works in the professional practice.

1.2PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING

General principles of surveying are

Workingfrom whole to part: In this principle the whole area is first framed out by main stations and survey lines. Then the area is divided into no. of well- conditionedtrianglesandlinearmeasurementsaredonewhichpreventsinerror accumulation.

Location of new control point by measurements from two control points:From fixed reference points new stations are fixed from at least two measurements. Measurements may be linear or angular(by chain, tape,theodolite,compass).

1.3OBJECTIVE

The major objectives of the survey camp organized for B.E. students are to provide an opportunity to consolidate and update their theoretical knowledge on the subject, to strengthentheirexperienceindealingwithpracticalproblemsandchallengespresented during engineering surveying in actual field conditions, and to help them to build up their level of confidenceto carryout engineeringsurvey on requiredaccuracy withina requiredtimeframe.

In a survey campa single group hastoconducta detailedsurvey for

Preparation of a topographic mapof the givenarea

Selectionof a suitable Road alignment

Selectionof a suitable Bridge site

The general objectives of the surveycamp are listed below-

Tobecomefamiliarwiththesurveyingproblemsthosearelikelytoariseduring the field works.

To developconfidence inactualfieldsurveying.

To become familiarwithdifferentinstruments, their functionsand handlingfor their use in surveying.

To become familiar with the spirit and importance of teamwork, as surveying cannotbecarried out by a single person.

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To complete the task or the project withinthe given time limit.

To collectthe requiredfield data in a systematic way.

To compute and manipulate the observed data in the required accuracy and present it in theoretical, tabular and diagrammatical forms that it is easily understood byotherengineering professionals.

1.4SCOPE OF WORK FOR SURVEY CAMP

1.5.1 Topographic Map Presentation

Details

Area Coverage:1.5 to 2.0 hectares

Scale for the Plot of Major Traverse: 1:1000

Scale for the Plot of Minor Traverse:1:500

Scale for Plot of Topographic Map: 1:500

Contour Interval:1 m (depending upon the site relief)

Control Points Establishment

•At least 25-35 stations (Main control stations)

•Two sets of HorizontalAngle, One set of VerticalAngle

•Distance measurement by three-way taping and by EDM (1:2000 accuracy)

•Verticalcontrol by Leveling, checkby trigonometric leveling

•Fly Leveling, at least 0.5 – 1.0km (±25√K mmaccuracy)

•Leg ratio: Major Traverse 1:2, Minor Traverse 1:3

1.5.2Road Alignment Survey

•At least 500m to 700m or more stretch •Scale for Plan: 1:1000

•Scale for Longitudinal section: V – 1:100& H –1:1000

• Cross section: 20 m interval, scale same forV &H –1: 100

•Left rightobservation: 10 m minimum oneither side of proposed center line Curve Setting

•Horizontal curve by both linearand angular method

•Verticalcurve setting with gradient(7 to 12)%

1.5.3Bridge Site Survey

•up-streamdetailsat least 120 m, Downstream details atleast 40 m

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•Scale for plotting minimum area of observation of coverage plan 1:500

•Contour interval: 2.0 m or dependingupon the site relief

•Longitudinal section: H=1:200,V=1:100

•Cross section: (10 to 20) m interval (depending upon the site relief), scale H=V=1:100

1.5PROJECT AREA

The area where surveying was performed is situated at Scout International Training Centre(ITC),Nuwakot.Themajortraverse wasrunthroughout thearea.Ourobjective wastopreparethetopographicmapofgivensmallarea, whichisthepartofScoutITC. So,wewereassigntopreparethetopographicmapofareaincludingDormitory,Office, etc. and includingallartificialandnatural that may come ingeneral survey work.

Theminortraversewasrunwithinthemajortraversethroughtheplotofthegivenmap, which covers the buildings with several supporting buildings of. The main buildings are:

Dormitory

Reception

Beside thisthere were wind velocity, garden, fences, trees, roadetc.

1.6LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY

The detail of the area is:Country: Nepal

Zone: Bagmati District:Nuwakot

Location:Scout ITC, Nuwakot

The area was very much accessible. There was no obstruction in accessingthe site for different surveys.

1.7 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY

Scout International Training Centre (ITC), Nuwakot has gently steep topography. The area contains ground features rangingfrom step slopes toalmost flat grounds.

Latitude:	27°	48’	48”N
Longitude:	85°	16’	29”E

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1.8 RELEVANCY OF THE CAMP

The main significance of the survey camp is the partial fulfillment of the bachelor’s degree in civil engineering. Apart from the academic purpose it is also helpful in the application of the theoretical knowledge about surveying in the realfield. Surveyingis one of the major field works to be done by civil engineers before the actual commencementofanyprojecthence the surveycamp helpstoapply various surveying techniques usedfor these tasks. It isalsohelpful to work in group with co-ordination.

1.9LIMITATIONS

The limitations are:

Instruments used were differentduringdifferent days incamp

Consistency of the surveyor.

Weatherand temperature variationin the projectarea.

Greatervariationofgradientofslopeleadingtodifficultyininstrumentalsetup and making observation.

1.10PLANNING AND ORGANIZING SURVEY CAMP

Surveycamphasbeendesignedforusforalarge no.ofobjectives.Forachievingsuch objectives, planning and organizing phase is one of the most important phases of the surveycamp.Tomakethesurveycampfruitful,weallstudentsalongwiththeteachers has plannedabout camping in the respective ways:

Group discussion among the students

Most of the civil engineering in the professional fields is a team work. As one of the importantobjective ofour surveycamp is togive a professionaltastetowards different problem raised in the field of civil engineering, group discussion among the students helptofulfillthe objectives. Firstly, the group containing4-5 memberseachisdivided and all the members of the group has discussed about the responsibilities for fulfilling the given taskof the group by surveyinstructioncommittee.

Work scheduling

The major task that has to be done during the camp duration:

Road alignment survey

Bridge site survey

Topographicalsurveyof the area

Leveling

Curve setting

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For better achievement of the results, these tasks were arranged and scheduled in well planned manner.

Teacher’s allocation or supervision

Survey camp has provided a platform to learn the practical knowledge and difficulties that has been arising in the scheduled time. Frequent assistance and supervision of the teachers were called out.

There were sufficient teachers for guidance, assistance and super vision of the task carried out by all the groups.

1.11ORGANIZATION OF REPORT:

This report comprises of five chapters as below; Chapter 1:Introduction

This chapter describes about the survey camp area. It mainly focuses on the short background of the survey sitefortopographicalsurvey, bridgesurveyand road survey. It also includesthe objectives of the survey camp, its relevancy and limitations.

Chapter 2:Topographic survey

This chapter focuses on short literature background relevant to topographic survey, various methods used in the field to successfully carry out the tasks, results obtained fromthefieldworkofthetopographicsurvey&providestheconclusionobtainedfrom the field work and also provides recommendation forfuture reference.

Chapter 3:Bridge Site Survey

This chapterfocuseson shortliterature backgroundforselectionof the locationfor the bridge site survey, triangulationin bridge site survey.

Chapter 4: Road Alignment

This chapterfocuses on fixing of the roadalignment forthe constructionof the road Chapter 5:Two Peg Test

This chapter provides the two-peg test which mustbe done before level work.

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